Navigation

Navigation is the largest PPL theoretical knowledge subject by question count and covers a broad range of topics: map and chart reading (ICAO, Lambert conformal conic, Mercator projections), magnetic variation and deviation, dead reckoning, the flight computer (circular slide rule), radio navigation (VOR, NDB, DME, ILS, GPS), area navigation (RNAV), GNSS, in-flight navigation techniques, and airspace navigation requirements. The subject also addresses route planning, fuel planning, time calculations, and wind triangle problems. Navigation questions often require numerical calculations, so practising with a flight computer or an electronic equivalent is strongly recommended. The combination of theoretical knowledge and applied problem-solving makes this one of the more time-intensive PPL theory subjects. Focus on magnetic heading calculations, VOR radial intercepts, and ETA revisions.

Sample questions